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竞赛2024年罗马尼亚( )

A polynomial P with integer coefficients is square-free if it is not expressible in the form P=Q² R, where Q and R are polynomials with integer coefficients and Q is not constant. For a positive integer n, let Pn be the set of polynomials of the form

1+a1 x+a2 x²+⋯+an xn

with a1,a2,⋯,an∈{0,1}. Prove that there exists an integer N so that, for all integers n>N, more than 99% of the polynomials in Pn are square-free.

【译】我们称整系数多项式P是无平方因子的,如果其不能表示为P=Q² R的形式,这里Q,R为整系数多项式且Q不为常数.对于正整数n,记Pn为如下 形式的多项式组成的集合:

1+a1 x+a2 x²+⋯+an xn

这里a1,a2,⋯,an∈{0,1}.证明:存在整数N,使得对任意的整数n≥N,Pn中超过99%的多项式都是无平方因子的.

竞赛2024年罗马尼亚( )

Let BC be a fixed segment in the plane, and let A be a variable point in the plane not on the line BC. Distinct points X and Y are chosen on the rays (CA)  ⃗ and (BA) ⃗, respectively, such that ∠CBX=∠YCB=∠BAC.Assume that the tangents to the circumcircle of ABC at B and C meet line XY at P and Q, respectively, such that the points X,P,Y, and Q are pairwise distinct and lie on the same side of BC. Let Ω1 be the circle through X and Y centred on BC. Similarly let Ω2 be the circle through Y and Q centred on BC. Prove that Ω1 and Ω2 intersect at two fixed points as A varies.

【译】在同一平面内,BC为给定线段,动点A不在直线BC上. X和Y分别为射线(CA) ⃗,射线(BA) ⃗上不重合的两点,满足∠CBX=∠YCB=∠BAC.若三角形ABC外接圆在点B和C处的切线分别交直线XY于点P和点Q,点X,P,Y,Q不重合,且位于直线BC同侧.圆Ω1经过点X,P且圆心在BC上.类地,圆Ω2经过点Y,Q且圆心在BC上.证明:当点A运动时,圆Ω1和圆Ω2始终交于两定点.

竞赛2024年罗马尼亚( )

Fix integers a and b greater than 1. For any positive integer n, let rn be the (non-negative) remainder that bn leaves upon division by an. Assume there exists a positive integer N such that rn<2n/n for all integers n≥N.Prove that a divides b.

给定大于1的整数a和b.对任意的正整数n,记rn为bn除以an的非负余数.若存在正整数N,使得对任意的n≥N,都有rn<2n/n.证明:a整除b.

竞赛2024年罗马尼亚( )

Given a positive integer n, a set S is n-admissible if

①each element of S is an unordered triple of integers in {1,2,⋯,n},

②|S|=n-2,and

③for each 1≤k≤n-2 and each choice of k distinct A1,A2,⋯,Ak∈S,

|A1∪A2∪⋯∪Ak |≥k+2

Is it true that, for all n>3 and for each n-admissible set S, there exist pairwise distinct points P1,P2,⋯,Pn in the plane such that the angles of the triangle Pi Pj Pk are all less than 61° for any triple {i,j,k} in S?

【译】给定正整数n,称集合S是n-可行,如果其满足以下条件:

①S的每个元素都是{1,2,⋯,n}的三元子集;

②|S|=n-2;

③对任意的1≤k≤n-2和任意k个互不相同的A1,A2,⋯,Ak∈S,都有

|A1∪A2∪⋯∪Ak |≥k+2

判断以下命题是否为真:对所有n>3和所有的n-可行集合S,在平面内总存在n个互不相同的点P1,P2,⋯,Pn,使得对集合S中任意元素{i,j,k},三角形Pi Pj Pk的每个内角都小于61°.

竞赛2024年罗马尼亚( )

Consider an odd prime p and a positive integer N<50p. Let a1,a2,⋯,aN be a list of positive integers less than p such that any specific value occurs at most 51/100 N times and a1,a2,⋯,aN is not divisible by p. Prove that there exists a permutation b1,b2,⋯,bN of the a_i such that, for all k=1,2,⋯,N, the sum b1+b2+⋯+bk is not divisible by p.

【译】已知奇素数p和正整数N<50p.设a1,a2,⋯,aN是一些小于p的正整数,同一数值至多出现51/100 N次,且a1+a2+⋯+aN不能被p整除.

证明:存在a_i的一个排列:b1,b2,⋯,bN,使得对任意的k=1,2,⋯,N,都有b1+b2+⋯+bk不能被p整除.